https://doi.org/10.37955/cs.v6i1.238
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eISSN: 2600-5743
Governance and management of the
Venezuelan migration flow in
Ecuador: focus on stigma reduction
and generation of opportunities for
the mobile population
Gobernanza y manejo del flujo de migración venezolana
en Ecuador: enfoque en reducción de estigma y
generación de oportunidades para población en situación
de movilidad
Andrea Guale Sánchez
Master's Degree in Marketing and Business Administration, Universidad de Guayaquil
andrea.guales@ug.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/
0000-0003-2308-7762
Francia Cevallos Mora
Master's Degree in Marketing and Business Management, Universidad Tecnológica Empresarial de
Guayaquil
franciacevallos@hotmail.com
https://orcid.org/
0000-0002-2993-5956
Ivette Idrobo Narváez
M.A. in International Relations, National University of Public Service, Hungary
ivetteidrobonarvaez@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/
0000-0001-6203-0174
ABSTRACT
In recent years, the governance and management of the flow of
Venezuelan migration in Ecuador has been questioned, so that several
countries in the South American region have modified migration
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legislation in accordance with international standards, protecting the
rights of migrants as all human beings in vulnerable situations, who
have traveled miles to reach Ecuador in search of opportunities, This
has led to an increase in the number of evicted families, in a situation
of mobility with a greater burden of difficulties when accessing basic
services, including the most worrying, health in the face of a global
health problem such as the pandemic, in addition to mental health
problems associated with xenophobia, stigma, begging, among others.
A qualitative approach was used with theoretical and analytical
methods and data collection through interviews with representatives
of the Venezuelan community in Guayas; information is generated on
the needs of this target group and the management of the migration
flow with a more conscious management, with a focus on reducing
stigma, prevailing human rights with actions that allow the generation
of opportunities by applying public policy with the objective of
protecting migrants located in the city of Guayaquil.
RESUMEN
En los últimos años la gobernanza y el manejo del flujo de migración
venezolana en Ecuador, ha sido cuestionada, por lo que varios paÃses
de la Región Sudamericana han modificado la legislación migratoria
de acuerdo con las normas internacionales, protegiendo los derechos
de los migrantes como todo ser humano en situación de
vulnerabilidad, que han recorrido kilómetros para llegar al Ecuador en
busca de oportunidades, lo cual ha provocado el aumento de familias
desalojadas, en situación de movilidad con una carga mayor de
dificultades al momento de acceder a servicios básicos, entre ellos el
más preocupante, la salud ante un problema sanitario mundial como
lo es la pandemia, sumado a ello problemas de salud mental asociado
a la xenofobia, el estigma, mendicidad, entre otros. Se empleo un
enfoque cualitativo con los métodos teóricos, analÃticos y la obtención
de datos mediante entrevistas a representantes de la comunidad
venezolana en Guayas; se genera información sobre las necesidades de
este grupo objetivo y el manejo del flujo de migración con una gestión
más consciente, con enfoque en reducción de estigma prevaleciendo
los derechos humanos con acciones que permita la generación de
oportunidades aplicando polÃtica pública con objetivo sea proteger a
los migrantes ubicados en la ciudad de Guayaquil.
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Keywords /Palabras clave
Migration, Xenophobia, stigma, inclusion, harm reduction, refugees,
Venezuela, Organization and Governance, society, cooperation.
Migración, Xenofobia, estigma, inclusión, reducción de daños,
refugiados, Venezuela, Organización y Gobernanza, sociedad,
cooperación.
Introduction
In the sensitive analysis of the regional context added to the pandemic
as a global health crisis, the situation of people in a situation of human
mobility from Venezuela is more deeply affected in Ecuador, framed
in reception plans with weak responses, which in 2019 deepened
inequality and increased the situation of vulnerability of these groups
in the midst of a global health crisis.
The World Data on Migration portal (2021) details that: "The migrant
working population, particularly those in low-wage jobs, may be more
affected and exposed to the spread of COVID-19 in countries hit by the
disease and in those where the pandemic continues to spread...". To
this group of foreigners whose rights were violated and who were
employed, must be added those who are unemployed and have been
severely affected as a result of the pandemic and in many cases have
been forced to live below the multidimensional poverty line.
According to the most recent data (June 2021) from the UN Refugee
Agency- UNHCR, it is estimated that around 430,000 Venezuelan
people reside in Ecuador. This massive displacement phenomenon is
generated from the years 2017 and 2018 during which the Latin
American region experienced an unprecedented forced migration
originated by the continuous political, social and economic
deterioration in Venezuela. The Venezuelan Coordination Platform for
Refugees and Migrants estimates that there are currently 5.6 million
displaced Venezuelan people (R4V, 2021a), most of them in Latin
American countries that already had significant challenges to face and
that were strongly aggravated during the COVID-19 pandemic.
(UNHCR, 2021).
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In Ecuador, we have taken as a sample for analysis the province of
Guayas, where the MUEVE Foundation works directly with people in
mobility situations coming from Venezuela. This foundation began
operations in June 2016, and is legally registered since June 2019
through the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion (MIES), in
resolution No. MIES-CZ-8DDG2-2019-0051-R; its main objective is to
provide support to the community in vulnerable conditions of human
mobility in all aspects related to the migration process, such as: free
medical days, immigration legal advice, support to entrepreneurs,
delivery of donations of clothing, food, medicines, cultural activities,
recreation, activities for children and seniors, defense of human rights,
among others.
In order to learn more about the work and functioning of this
foundation as a governance structure related to migration, we
interviewed Andreu Eduardo Castro, a Venezuelan national, electronic
engineer and specialist in fire systems, founder and President of the
MUEVE Foundation, as well as Taimir Azuaje, a specialist in
colorimetry and aesthetics, who fulfilled the responsibility of
Coordinator of the MUEVE Foundation. Two people representing the
foundation and knowledgeable about the reality of the Venezuelan
community in Ecuador, with emphasis on their area of residence in the
city of Guayaquil, who have managed to draw the profile of migrants
and their needs. They have also been able to recognize that the life
situation is more complicated for women and children who arrive in
search of a better life, being involved in conditions of insecurity,
discrimination, violence, prostitution, gangs, among others.
Materials and Methods
For approximately 5 years they have worked for the Venezuelan
community with those people who have voluntarily been able to
approach or have knowledge of the Foundation, developing activities
and partnerships with different sectors to implement programs and
projects such as:
Solidarity Route: Permanent program, through which food, medicine,
clothing, kitchen utensils, mattresses, among others, are collected to
be delivered to families in situations of greater vulnerability. This
activity is supported by Venezuelan people who are stable and
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Ecuadorians who are in solidarity with this cause, however, it does not
meet the demand.
2. Free medical clinics: Every 2 or 3 months, free medical clinics were
held for the community thanks to a group of 65 Venezuelan doctors
who provided their support, as well as the support of personnel from
the Red Cross of Guayas and the halfway house "Un Techo Para El
Camino", it should be noted that during these clinics an average of 500
people were attended per day in 2020.
Venezuelan Market: Thanks to an agreement with the community of
Sauces 3 (sector of the city of Guayaquil), a sports field is available on
Sundays where a Venezuelan market is held as a mechanism to
support entrepreneurs, who in return to the community of Sauces
performed social work and maintenance of community areas. These
activities allowed participants to have economic income, thus
promoting inclusion; however, as of 2020 this market was suspended
due to control measures implemented by the government to reduce
cases of COVID-19. By the end of 2021, the aim is to revive this activity.
4. Immigration legal advice and labor legal advice: This type of advice
is carried out through lectures, live broadcasts on social networks or
in person for all those who require it, it is a permanent and free
activity. In this process we have identified the lack of knowledge and
gaps regarding issues related to the migration process, duties and
rights of these citizens, as well as those of the authorities and the
receiving community.
5. Support for people with chronic diseases: Prioritization of the
delivery of medicines, food, blood donations, among others. In these
cases, assistance is very limited, since medical expenses are usually
high and the necessary funds are not available, nor is access to the
required health services.
6. Integration and recreation activities: During the year, different
integration activities are carried out for children, young people, adults,
and senior citizens, which contribute to making the process of
migratory adaptation, union, recreation and integration more
bearable and continuous. These are important factors for people in
mobility and refugees to overcome difficult moments and situations
that involve adapting to a new country. Also, in many opportunities
there is room for entrepreneurs, especially in the gastronomic area, so
that they can generate income, as well as singers and artists who use
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these activities to make themselves known and generate small
incomes.
7. Human Mobility Network: The Foundation currently participates in
working groups focused on people in a situation of human mobility,
involving different authorities in Ecuador, as well as international
non-governmental organizations and civil society. These meetings
address issues such as violation of rights, vulnerability,
discrimination, integration, among others, in order to seek or activate
mechanisms to help those affected. It is unavoidable to indicate that
according to the analysis and discussion with the representatives of
MUEVE, the strengthening of legal knowledge is essential to
contribute to these meetings.
8. Corporate account in the blood bank: Thanks to an agreement with
the Red Cross of Guayas, the foundation has a corporate account in the
blood bank that is maintained with donations from Venezuelans and
in which there are always pints of blood available for any person of this
nationality who needs them in emergencies, something that is
particularly striking, because despite being so far from their homes
and families, they are still linked through solidarity and brotherhood
among all members of this nationality.
9. Intervention during the health emergency: During the health crisis,
the organization has been able to assist approximately 2,500
Venezuelan families with the delivery of food kits, totaling more than
25 tons of food until August 30, 2020, with the support of local and
international organizations.
Results
The Uncertainty of a New Home: Voices of Migrants and
Refugees in Ecuador
Human Rights are rights inherent to all human beings, without
distinction of nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic
origin, color, religion, language, or any other condition, having all the
same rights without discrimination.
One of the main indicators of the level of well-being of people in
human mobility is their local integration in the countries of
destination, with the communities that host them at the time, having
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to build strong relationships in the locality and with other people in
mobility, since feeling safe in the neighborhoods and communities
where they live and enjoying the right to social participation can
improve the living conditions of individuals and their families
psychologically, socially and economically.
However, the actions of the Venezuelan migrant and refugee
community in Ecuador face barriers in terms of access to health and
social services due to their origin and condition as a result of the
stigma rooted in their nationality; they also face rights violations,
exclusion and social and labor discrimination. It is for this reason that
it is necessary to analyze and rescue programs that include health
(psychological and mental) and rights with a harm reduction approach
more now for the attention of a humanitarian crisis deepened by
COVID-19.
These programs must include new modalities of care for people in
situations of human mobility and their environments, as well as the
laws and policies that govern their health conditions must be
transparent and democratically accountable to all, providing a
meaningful context for social health, education, security and
opportunities that materialize in integral human development framed
in diversity.
The UNHCR National Protection Monitoring Report details that "of
those surveyed who had felt discriminated against, 76% at the national
level indicated that the main reason was their nationality, reaching
86% in the case of Venezuelans and 67% in the case of Colombians."
(UNHCR, 2021). This statistical data evidences the barriers faced by
people in mobility and refugees, and also contributes to the
understanding of the stigma that falls on them rooted in their origin
and nationality.
However, the high percentage of informal labor in the region also
indicates a lack of social protection, which aggravates the situations of
poverty and precariousness of migrants. Another factor that points to
the difficult living conditions is that this population often lives in
informal settlements and requires special attention.
Xenophobia: The challenge of inclusion faced by host
communities in relation to Venezuelans.
Xenophobia towards migrants and refugees has increased in recent
years and is felt day by day through stereotypes, prejudices, and
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generalizations based on news or community comments that are
mostly negative about the safety of communities receiving foreigners.
Unfortunately, xenophobic reactions and stigmatization are more
frequent when there is a lack of information about the realities faced
by these vulnerable groups, mostly women and children who come to
the country with the desire to fulfill their dreams and improve their
living conditions for themselves and their families.
It is for this reason that the need for different projects and proposals
that promote their realities, needs, current situation, and in turn
transmit the contributions they generate to the receiving community
is evident, it is important to emphasize the need to prioritize programs
focused on gender and safe opportunities for migrant women, so that
together they can offer services required and appropriate to their
reality.
Likewise, it is necessary to strengthen the generation and development
of work activities with the host community in order to forge inclusion,
security and harmonious coexistence between both groups, improving
health, social and economic conditions in this new stage in which the
communities are seeking to recover after the COVID-19 pandemic.
From a sociological perspective, female migration is made invisible
and denigrated, as well as their role in economic aspects, since they
have always been considered dependent on their male relatives and in
charge of their children. It is important to recognize that in recent
decades the participation of a much more empowered and defiant
woman in the world they face has also been rescued, especially in Latin
American societies characterized by machismo. The reinsertion of
migrant women into the labor market far from home, with children in
their arms and based on their nationality, is an issue that affects this
group of people psychologically, however something that is rescued is
that Venezuelan migrant women in Ecuador support each other and
seek other women in the same conditions to work together in search of
the welfare of their families. This undoubtedly brings unequal and
reduced labor modalities that are reflected in cases of begging,
prostitution, underemployment, informal employment, among others.
A home "away from home" is not easy, but it is possible to start again.
Given this situation, it is necessary to rescue and implement a
contingency plan aimed at covering the basic needs of Venezuelan
migrants and refugees in Ecuador, which could be implemented
through cooperation with international, state, private and civil society
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organizations that, based on a situational diagnosis, register and
detect the protection and assistance needs of this population. Thus
generating an information system that connects with public policy, in
order to provide legal advice and guidance on migration options for
informed decision making, and targeted interventions, areas in which
it is necessary to work at present.
Among the different alternatives offered in terms of integration, it is
necessary to promote alternative employment and entrepreneurship;
this has been identified as one of the factors that is most affecting the
migrant population due to the number of requests and needs that
arrive daily in different areas to the MUEVE Foundation as stated by
its president. It is for this reason that it is continuously planned as one
of the annual prioritized projects, and during the year 2021 this project
was presented to International Organizations with the objective of
taking advantage of a space that is located in the TECHO PARA EL
CAMINO facilities, in order to implement the house of multiple
services and thus turn it into a place where it is possible to provide
support to the Venezuelan community and in turn generate sources of
employment and livelihood of the house (headquarters).
From what has been analyzed in previous paragraphs, the initiative in
which La CASA DEL MIGRANTE would serve as an impulse and
incentive for female empowerment is highlighted, thus evidencing the
need to reduce gender stereotypes that limit their opportunities and
performance in the economic and social areas. Another important
point to consider is the need to implement a daycare center since, upon
arriving in a new country in search of opportunities, taking into
account that the number of women with small children and single
mothers is very high, the main objective is to find sources of
employment so they decide to leave their children in any place where
they may be exposed to different dangers while their mothers work.
For this reason, we seek to implement that women related to the
foundation get a salary for taking care of their children and other
children since there are also cases of women who become pregnant
and lose their jobs, and after the birth of the baby they do not have a
safe place to leave them to go in search of economic income to support
their families.
Having a rotating job for mothers before and after childbirth would
allow them to remain active, covering their needs, and taking care of
the first months of their children's lives, while earning a salary, which
is why it is important to provide a permanent and comprehensive
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health service with the adequacy of a designated space for medical
care.
It is also important to contribute to the improvement of the capacity
of the local health system by training Venezuelan medical personnel
who have been willing to help their compatriots by providing
consultations with specialists. In this way, ensuring the universal
attention of the health, education and labor integration systems, where
all civil society organizations, government and citizens play a very
important role in the efforts of the country, region and the world to
recover from the serious effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and at the
same time align with the SDG 2030 Agenda is a priority.
In this case, seeking to reduce inequalities between and within
countries, being able to rescue and understand that La Casa del
Migrante focuses its actions on human-centered orientation in their
contexts through social, medical and inclusive care that ensures
transparent and democratically accountable policies; likewise
innovation and productivity to the activities that could employ should
offer accessible solutions for all those people who are imperceptible to
many citizens, or who are stigmatized as problematic people creating
barriers and stigmas. We must advance in an inclusive vision that
allows boosting technical skills and abilities related to productive,
social and environmental activities in the target group, promoting
social and labor inclusion with a sustainable economy for these people.
All of the above focuses on building resilient and inclusive
communities in which the rights of all are guaranteed and respected.
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Figure 1. Resilient and Inclusive Migrant Communities
The approach with the actors of the Venezuelan community in
Guayaquil, has allowed to expose the opportunity of the communities
in mobility situation to take advantage of spaces located in the facilities
TECHO PARA EL CAMINO and thus implement the house of multiple
services. This house would provide support to the community and
generate sources of employment, giving impetus and incentive to
migrant women, promoting empowerment and reducing gender
stereotypes that limit their roles in the economic and social part. Also
generate additional opportunities for multiple services in the Casa del
Migrante, such as childcare, to later expand services such as care for
the elderly, training workshops, gastronomy among other activities
that allow job growth, generation of entrepreneurship, strategic
business units that could become the livelihood of these families and
then contribute to the national economy and help families who have
remained in their home country through the remittance of foreign
currency.
Venezuelan migrants transiting through Guayaquil, especially women
and children, could become part of a resilient and inclusive community
through:
People in a
situation of
human
mobility:
Migrants and
refugees.
Provide a
safe
environment
Guaranteeing
access to
social health
services
Social and
labor
inclusion
Prioritize
programs
with a gender
focus
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A safe environment for the care of children, seeing the need to
implement measures that comprehensively safeguard the exercise of
the rights of these people, harm reduction acting beyond the individual
risk practices that could be caused, to have an impact on levels of
complex contexts that interact in multiple ways in search of safe
environments, capable of minimizing the impact of violence that this
population in vulnerable situations could face.
Access to social health, a basic service for every human being that
generates security and tranquility for him and his environment,
allowing development and growth in all aspects. The arrival of COVID-
19 highlighted the need for free and accessible health services,
especially for women, children and the elderly.
Social and labor inclusion for people in a situation of human mobility
(migrants and refugees), mainly women, endure pressures derived
from prejudice, stigma and exclusion, partly due to their difficulties in
complying with the conditions of formal employment, but also, and to
a large extent, due to discriminatory labor practices. Access to
legitimate and formal work options makes it possible to strengthen
their autonomy and improve basic components of their quality of life.
It also has a direct impact on the community, reducing crime and the
perception of insecurity.
It is necessary to work with the migrant and refugee communities in
training them on their duties and rights in the receiving country, in
order to generate in them knowledge of the society in which they will
live, its laws, obligations, benefits, culture and customs. This will
facilitate their adaptation process and the acceptance of the receiving
communities, reducing stigmas, discrimination, violence, aggressions
and rejection.
As a last factor, it is necessary to develop all these programs and
projects focused on the person as a human being, since in this way
activities are strengthened and adjusted to the work inside the Casa
del Migrante focused on the person and diversity, as well as in the
harmonious coexistence where they can generate productive
alternatives, being able to maintain in the future sustainable
mechanisms of individual, family and collective support.
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Conclusions
The proposals and ideas of the MUEVE Foundation with respect to the
Venezuelan Migrant House can be a successful management model so
that through the different programs and services, it can be a
sustainable and replicable model for other cities and why not in the
region.
The legal and illegal migratory phenomena continue to grow and
become more complex in the region, and certain stakeholders are
aware that the lack of protection for migrants is increasing every day,
so measures in this field of action should be encouraged with
comprehensive programs focused on the human being as a priority,
with particular emphasis on the protection of women.
The efforts made by the Venezuelan community through its
organization in search of mutual support are not enough to cover the
national demand, so it is necessary to connect these already organized
structures with government, non-profit and civil society programs for
migrants and refugees in order to have a greater reach in their
activities and improve their results.
Finally, in this visionary term we can conclude in another axis of action
that would be to link the users of this center to health services,
education, and other activities that could be carried out through the
Autonomous Decentralized Governments of the Provinces, the
different Ministries of State, or other actors in order to increase their
knowledge about Ecuadorian society, its laws and benefits in order to
influence the socio-emotional behavior of this group of people and
establish good relations with the receiving communities.
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